In his system, the beginning consonant sound is represented by the same letter for all five kana in each line of the Fifty sounds table, even though in some cases this leads to considerable deviations from the actual pronunciation.

The Commission eventually decided in favor of a slightly-modified version of Nihon-shiki, which was proclaimed to be Japan's official romanization for all purposes by a September 21, 1937 cabinet ordinance; it is now known as the Kunrei-shiki romanization. An example in the United States is standard ANSI Z39.11-1972 of the American National Standards Institute, which is titled “American National Standard System for the romanization of Japanese”. 'Hepburn-type Roman letters')[1] is a system for the romanization of Japanese, that is using the Roman alphabet to write the Japanese language. The National Diet Library used Kunrei-shiki. Another problem with both Kunrei and Nippon is that they require the same consonant to be pronounced in two different ways: s as s or sh, t as t or ts, etc. The commission's romanization scheme was popularized by the wide dissemination of a Japanese–English dictionary by commission member and American missionary James Curtis Hepburn which was published in 1886.

This ignores the fact that English is by far the most widespread language that is written with roman letters. [2] Although Kunrei-shiki romanization is the style favored by the Japanese government, Hepburn remains the most widely-used method of Japanese romanization. After learning Kunrei romanization in school, they will hardly ever encounter it again, for Hepburn romanization is nearly ubiquitous in advertising and in the English words one runs into at home and on the street. How the individual kana characters are transcribed according to Hepburn can be inferred from the Kana romanization tables; the differences in the pronunciation of the roman letters in the three romanization systems are presented in the following section “Kunrei romanization” and in A comparison of the romanization systems. p. Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, "To shine or to die: the messy world of romanized Japanese", The New Official Romanization of Japanese, "Romanization of Geographical Names in Japan", "UHM Library : Japan Collection Online Resources", Bureau of Citizens and Culture Affairs of Tokyo, "Example of Application Form for Passport", "Pocket Kenkyusha Japanese Dictionary (9780198607489): Shigeru Takebayashi, Kazuhiko Nagai: Books", Preface of first edition of Hepburn's original dictionary, explaining romanization, Preface of third edition of Hepburn's original dictionary, explaining romanization, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&oldid=975549398, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, However, using this method makes the pronunciation of. [7] In 1886, he published the dictionary's third edition, which popularized a version of his system with input from an international commission consisting of Japanese and foreign scientists.

[3] Largely based on English writing conventions, consonants closely correspond to the English pronunciation and vowels approximate the Italian pronunciation. Hepburn is based on English phonology and has competed with the alternative Nihon-shiki romanization, which was developed in Japan as a replacement of the Japanese script. The absurdity of such outside interference is illustrated by imagining the United States, Australia, or Great Britain trying to prescribe for Japanese, via an ISO standard, how English words and proper names shall be transcribed in Japanese. This facilitates the reconstruction (back-transliteration) of the original kana and the writing of the correct kana via a computer keyboard. This revised version was referred to as Hyōjun-shiki Rōmaji (nihongo2|標準式ローマ字) (standard style) before. [1] The romanizations set out in the first and second versions of Hepburn's dictionary are primarily of historical interest. Transcription as an aid for pronunciation.

Notable differences from the third and later versions include: The following differences are in addition to those in the second version: The main feature of Hepburn is that its orthography is based on English phonology. Long vowels are input according to how they are written in kana; for example, a long o is input as ou, instead of an an o with a circumflex or macron (ô or ō). [20][21] Since the macron is usually missing on typewriters and people may not know how to input it on computer keyboards, the circumflex accent ( ˆ ) is often used in its place.[22][23]. Published in 1886 by American missionary James Curtis Hepburn, it uses consonants that approximate those in English and vowels that approximate those in Italian. Thus one may find r transcribed as l (the IPA sound ɽ lies between the two), or (in German materials) the voiced consonant z represented by s. Thus the given name Jōji is occasionally spelled George, and the manga artist Naitō Yasuhiro writes his surname as Nightow. In response to this need, a series of bilingual textbooks and dictionaries with romanized spellings of Japanese words were developed to help foreign merchants, diplomats, scientists, and others acquire a working knowledge of Japanese. Former Japan National Railways-style board of Toyooka Station. It is used by most foreigners learning to spell Japanese in the Roman alphabet[2] and by the Japanese for romanizing personal names, geographical locations, and other information such as train tables, road signs, and official communications with foreign countries. Between the two adjacent stations, “GEMBUDŌ” follows the Hepburn romanization system, but “KOKUHU” follows the Nihon-shiki/Kunrei-shiki romanization system. Because of its widespread use in Japan and internationally, the de-facto standard for writing Japanese words in roman letters is Hepburn romanization (in Japanese, Hebon-shiki Rōma-ji, literally, ‘Hepburn-type Rome letters’, also known as Hyōjun-shiki Rōma-ji, literally, ‘standard-type Rome letters’). Some of the problems that Japanese have with Hepburn romanization and English pronunciation trace back to their earlier misleading experience with Kunrei instruction. To be sure, the syllable n is transcribed unchanged as n before the consonants b, p, and m, where it is pronounced m, but even here it is sometimes transcribed as m. Some linguists such as Harold E. Palmer, Daniel Jones and Otto Jespersen object to Hepburn, as the pronunciation-based spellings can obscure the systematic origins of Japanese phonetic structures, inflections, and conjugations. After a few modifications, particularly those advocated by the Japanese “Society for the Dissemination of Romanization” (Rōmaji hirome kai), the version that is still used today was published in 1908 and came into wider use under the designation hyōjun-shiki (standard style) or shōsei Hebon-shiki (revised Hepburn style). English-language newspapers and media use the simplified form of Hepburn. The "modified Hepburn system" (修正ヘボン式, shūsei Hebon-shiki), also known as the "standard system" (標準式, Hyōjun-shiki), was published with revisions in 1908. In 1972 a revised version of Hepburn was codified as ANSI standard Z39.11-1972.

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